El Sidron Evidence for Neanderthal Cannibalism

El Sidrà ³n is a karst cave located in the Asturias region of northern Spain, where the skeletal remains of a family group of 13 Neanderthals were discovered. Physical evidence found in the cave suggests that 49,000 years ago, this family was murdered and cannibalized by another group, the motive thought to have been the marauding groups survival. The Cave El Sidrà ³ns cave system stretches into the adjacent hillside at a length of approximately 2.5 mi (3.7 km), with a large central hall approximately 650 ft (200 m) long. The part of the cave containing Neanderthal fossils is called the Ossuary Gallery, and it is ~90 ft (28 m) long and 40 ft (12 m) wide. All of the human remains found at the site were recovered within a single deposit, called Stratum III. The Ossuary Gallery (Galerà ­a del Osario in Spanish) is a small lateral gallery, discovered in 1994 by cave explorers, who stumbled across human remains and named it assuming it was a deliberate burial. The bones all lie within an area of about 64.5 sq ft (6 sqm). Preservation of the bones is excellent: the bones show very limited trampling or erosion and no there are large carnivore toothmarks. However, the bones and stone tools in the Ossuary Gallery are not in their original location. Geological analysis of the soils in that area suggests that the bones fell into the cave through a vertical shaft, in a massive water-driven deposit, probably resulting from a flood event after a thunderstorm. Artifacts at El Sidrà ³n Over 400 lithic artifacts have been recovered from the Neanderthal site at El Sidrà ³n, all were made from local sources, mostly chert, silex, and quartzite. Side scrapers, denticulates, a hand axe, and several Levallois points are among the stone tools. These artifacts represent a Mousterian assemblage, and the makers of the lithics were Neanderthals. At least 18 percent of the stone tools can be refitted to two or three silex cores: that suggests that the tools were made at the occupation site where the Neanderthals were killed. There were only 51 fragments of non-human animal remains among the collections. El Sidrà ³n Family The bone assemblage at El Sidrà ³n is almost exclusively Neanderthal human remains, which account for a total of 13 individuals. Individuals identified at El Sidrà ³n include seven adults (three males, four females), three adolescents between 12 and 15 years of age (two males, one female), two juveniles between 5 and 9 years of age (one male, one undetermined sex), and one infant (undetermined). All skeletal elements are present. Dental investigations suggest that the adults were all fairly young at the time of their deaths. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA supports the hypothesis that the 13 individuals represent a family group. Seven of the 13 individuals share the same mtDNA haplotype and three of the four adult females have different mtDNA lineages. The younger juvenile and the infant share mtDNA with one of the adult females, and thus they were likely her children. Thus, the men were all closely related, but the women were from outside the group. That suggests this Neanderthal family practiced a patrilocal residence pattern. Other evidence of close relatedness includes dental anomalies and other physical features which are shared by some of the individuals. Evidence for Cannibalism Although there are no carnivore tooth marks on the bone, the bones are heavily fragmented and show cut marks made by stone tools, indicating that the Neanderthals were almost certainly killed and cannibalized by another Neanderthal group, not by animal scavengers. Cut marks, flaking, percussion pitting, conchoidal scars, and adhering flakes on the bones all provide strong evidence for cannibalism at El Sidrà ³n. The long bones of the people show deep scars; several bones have been cracked open to obtain marrow or brains. The bones of the Neanderthals also indicate that during their entire lives they suffered from nutritional stress, with a diet made up mostly of plants (seeds, nuts, and tubers) and some lesser quantity of meat. These data together lead researchers to believe this family was a victim of survival cannibalism by another group, who may also have been suffering from nutritional stress. Dating El Sidrà ³n The original calibrated AMS dates on three human specimens ranged between 42,000 and 44,000 years ago, with an average calibrated age of 43,179 /-129 cal BP. Amino acid racemization dating of gastropods and human fossils supported that dating. Direct radiocarbon dates on the bones themselves were inconsistent at first, but sources of contamination were identified at the site, and new protocols were established for El Sidrà ³n to avoid re-contamination at the site. Bone fragments recovered using the new protocol were radiocarbon-dated, obtaining a secure date of 48,400 /-3200 RCYBP, or the early part of the geological stage called Marine Isotope 3 (MIS 3), a period which is known to have experienced rapid climate fluctuations. Excavation History at El Sidrà ³n The cave of El Sidrà ³n has been known since the beginning of the 20th century. It was used as a hiding place during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) by republicans hiding from Nationalist troops. The main entrance to the cave was blown up by the Nationalists, but the republicans managed to escape through minor entrances. The archaeological components of El Sidrà ³n were accidentally discovered in 1994, and the cave was intensively excavated between 2000 and 2014 by a team first led by Javier Fortea at the Universidad de Oviedo; after his death in 2009, his colleague Marco de la Rasilla continued the work. Over 2,500 Neanderthal fossil remains were recovered during the excavations, making El Sidrà ³n one of the largest collections of Neanderthal fossils in Europe to date. Although the excavations have ended, additional study of various skeletal elements has and will continue, providing new insight into Neanderthal behaviors and skeletal attributes. Sources Bastir, Markus, et al. The Relevance of the First Ribs of the El Sidrà ³n Site (Asturias, Spain) for the Understanding of the Neandertal Thorax. Journal of Human Evolution 80 (2015): 64–73. Print.Bastir, Markus, et al. Comparative Morphology and Morphometric Assessment of the Neandertal Occipital Remains from the El Sidrà ³n Site (Asturias, Spain: Years 2000–2008). Journal of Human Evolution 58.1 (2010): 68–78. Print.Dean, M. C., et al. Longstanding Dental Pathology in Neandertals from El Sidrà ³n (Asturias, Spain) with a Probable Familial Basis. Journal of Human Evolution 64.6 (2013): 678–86. Print.Estalrrich, Almudena, Sireen El Zaatari, and Antonio Rosas. Dietary Reconstruction of the El Sidrà ³n Neandertal Familial Group  (Spain) in the Context of Other Neandertal and Modern Hunter-Gatherer Groups. A Molar Microwear Texture Analysis. Journal of Human Evolution 104 (2017): 13–22. Print.Estalrrich, Almudena, and Antonio Rosas. Division of La bor by Sex and Age in Neandertals: An Approach through the Study of Activity-Related Dental Wear. Journal of Human Evolution 80 (2015): 51–63. Print.---. Handedness in Neandertals from the El Sidrà ³n (Asturias, Spain): Evidence from Instrumental Striations with Ontogenetic Inferences. PLoS ONE 8.5 (2013): e62797. Print.Kivell, Tracy L., et al. New Neandertal Wrist Bones from El Sidrà ³n, Spain (1994–2009). Journal of Human Evolution 114 (2018): 45–75. Print.Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Antonio Rosas, and Marco de la Rasilla. Palaeogenetic Research at the El Sidrà ³n Neanderthal Site. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 194.1 (2012): 133–37. Print.Pà ©rez-Criado, Laura, and Antonio Rosas. Evolutionary Anatomy of the Neandertal Ulna and Radius in the Light of the New El Sidrà ³n Sample. Journal of Human Evolution 106 (2017): 38–53. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. Les Nà ©andertaliens D’el Sidrà ³n (Asturies, Espagne). Actualisation Dâ€℠¢un Nouvel Échantillon. LAnthropologie 116.1 (2012): 57–76. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. Identification of Neandertal Individuals in Fragmentary Fossil Assemblages by Means of Tooth Associations: The Case of El Sidrà ³n (Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 12.5 (2013): 279–91. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. Temporal Lobe Sulcal Pattern and the Bony Impressions in the Middle Cranial Fossa: The Case of the El Sidrà ³n (Spain) Neandertal Sample. The Anatomical Record 297.12 (2014): 2331–41. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. A Geometric Morphometrics Comparative Analysis of Neandertal Humeri (Epiphyses-Fused) from the El Sidrà ³n Cave Site (Asturias, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 82 (2015): 51–66. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. The Growth Pattern of Neandertals, Reconstructed from a Juvenile Skeleton from El Sidrà ³n (Spain). Science 357.6357 (2017): 1282–87. Print.Rosas, Antonio, et al. Adult Neandertal Clavicles from the El Sidrà ³n Site (A sturias, Spain) in the Context of Homo Pectoral Girdle Evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 95 (2016): 55–67. Print.Santamarà ­a, David, et al. The Technological and Typological Behaviour of a Neanderthal Group from El Sidron Cave (Asturias, Spain). Oxford Journal Of Archaeology 29.2 (2010): 119–48. Print.Wood, R. E., et al. A New Date for the Neanderthals from El Sidrà ³n Cave (Asturias, Northern Spain). Archaeometry 55.1 (2013): 148–58. Print.

Hunger Is A Conflict With Hunger - 1174 Words

Hunger is a conflict that many countries are having to deal with. People from all around the world have to suffer from lack of food or a disease caused from hunger. It is our job to put a stop to it for good. Many causes of hunger are lack of investment in agriculture, changes in climate and weather, poverty, unstable markets, and food wastage, as stated in WFP.org (2015). As a result, 795 million people suffer from lack of food and 3.5 million children die from hunger or diseases caused by hunger. One effect of hunger is Malnutrition. Malnutrition, at an early age, leads to reduced physical and mental development during childhood. In fact, twenty million people die every year of diseases due to Malnutrition. One in seven people in the United States suffers from lack of food.One of the countries that suffers the most from hunger is Asia. Australia suffers the least. Food insecurity is the lack of access to enough food for a active and healthy lifestyle. To emphasize, the food insecur ity rate is fifteen point eight percent , which is 49,078,000 people, as declared by WFP.org. In many countries, hunger is a normal condition. According to United Nations estimates, nearly five hundred million people in the world have nothing to eat, as stated in Famine (Blumberg 3). The World s oldest written account of Famine describes people starving because the Nile failed to overflow and irrigate the land. After heavy rains, the Nile would overflow and enrich the soil along theShow MoreRelatedConflictism In Franz Kafkas A Hunger Artist938 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Kafka’s short story, â€Å"A Hunger Artist† the author introduces the Hunger Artist as the protagonist. The protagonist is a professional faster; he fasts to prove he is the best. The conflict of the story consists of Man versus society, in this case the Hunger Artist serves as Man and his audience serves as society. 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Strategy for Sumsung Family Hub-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategy Recommendation for Sumsung Family Hub. Answer: Introduction The contemporary business scenario is core dependent upon the marketing strategies adopted by the organisations which ensures the companys sustainability and growth in the competitive environment. The marketing strategies are also meant for directing the organisational activities into a right direction and gain competitive advantages at the same time (Lippincott, 2006). Here, the report would be highlighting the recommended marketing strategies in relation to Samsung family hum refrigerator under the brand name of Samsung. The purpose of this report is to deliver an effective recommendation in order to develop an efficient marketing strategy through which Samsung family hub would be able to set its firm foot into the target market. Therefore, through a clear depiction of the target market, brand positioning strategies and marketing mix the aspects could be moulded as per the market demand in a suggestive manner (connected-hub, 2017). Thus, the aspects are being evaluated in the follo wing components. Target segment The target market comprises of the consumers who possess the ability to purchase the brand and product while delivering profitability and competitive advantage to the organisation. In relation to develop an effective marketing strategy for Samsung family Hub refrigerator, from the household segment the highest Q consumer segment could be selected. The reason behind choosing such target segment is that it has the sheer potential and capability to deliver profitability to the respective company (Woodall, 2007). On the other hand, as the Highest Q consumers segment spends a luxurious life and have to purchase in accordance with the requirement and demand of their lifestyle. The nature of this consumer segment is that they often search for luxurious products and purchase in order to match their status instead of fulfilling their requirements. Through the below table the target market segmentation attractiveness could be understood. Market Attractiveness Criteria Size Growth Structural Attractiveness Company Objectives Resources Segment Segment Size Segment Purchasing Power No of Competitors (Home Appliance Market) Suitability of Brand (Samsung) Suitability of Sub Brand (Family Hub Fridge) Lowest Q ? Many competitors = ? ? ? Second Q ? ? ? ? Third Q ? ? ? ? Fourth Q ? ? ? ? Highest Q ? ? ? In the above table it could be realised that the selected market segment has a potential purchasing power that would help the organisation in attaining its profitable objectives. As almost 79% of the population belongs to the highest Q consumer segment and is likely to purchase more than other segments in the market (Wymer, 2011). Brand positioning Brand position is the form of marketing practices through which the organisation places its brand image in the minds of the consumers. It generates a scope for consumers to think about the brand at the time of purchasing and the brand would be the first priority of the consumers in this manner (Baines, 2011). A strong brand positing indicates a strong presence of the brand in the minds of the consumers with unique features and sustainable image. In the context of Samsung Family Hub the brand positioning strategies could be developed while keeping the target market in mind. In this regard, the highest Q consumer segment would be subjected to be introduced with the brand as the product will be able to attain their luxurious requirements with effective practices. Thus, the strategies could be stated in terms of highlighting the unique feature of combining internet and electronic technology at the first hand (Marketing mix, 2013). The aspect is evident from the fact that through Samsung Family Hub refrigerator the consumers could enjoy the benefits of internet and technology at the same time. The brand and the product could be considered as appropriate as the highest Q consumer section mainly belong to the high level of society that purchase thing not out of necessity but out of desire. Apart from this, it would also be successful in drawing a unique image of the brand due to its unique features like shop groceries directly from the fridge. Thus, from a competitive point of view the product along with the brand would evidently be able to satisfy consumer needs (Doyle, 2013). Through the brand positioning maps the availability and ability to match standards could be understood. Figure: brand positioning map Source: The above brand positioning map has successfully manifested the awareness rate of Samsung Family Hub to the target consumer market due to its unique features and extraordinary services and through such feature it would be able to create a unique brand image to its potential consumer markets. Marketing mix 4 ps Marketing mix is one of the most significant elements in the marketing concept that are contributed to the right placement of the brand as well as the product in front of the target market. The marketing mix comprises with four main elements such as products, price, promotion and place that are conjointly known as the 4 Ps of marketing mix (Faisal, 2016). Thus, in relation to the proposed brand positioning the below 4 Ps of marketing mix could be recommended in the following manner. Price: price refers to the financial value of the product that the consumers are subjected to pay at the time of purchasing the product. Samsung has likely to set its entire products price while keeping the target market in mind. Surprisingly, the price for Samsung Family Hub could be set between $5,000 and $6000 (Ferrell, 2016). Such price is also affordable for the target consumers. Product: the product segment refers to the commodity deliverable to the target consumers in exchange of price. Samsung Family Hub has presented with a high technology aided product that would be able to attain the desires and requirements of the consumers (Riezebos and Grinten, 2012). The specification of the products is that consumer could enjoy shopping while working in the kitchen. Place: place refers to the position or medium through which the company is able to deliver the product to the consumers. Hence, the Samsung Family Hub refrigerator would be available to the potential and selected consumer markets through Samsung stores and relative dealers. Promotion: promotion refers to the act of creating awareness among the target market through using various media. Hence, the company and the brand have concentrated upon developing promotional activities print media and television. PLC and the Diffusion of Innovation The product life cycle involves the evaluation of several stages and through the stages the product has to pass in order to accomplish its complete development. The PLC includes four important stages within the entire cycle such as, introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Here, the discussed product of Samsung family hub refrigerator is in the growth stage of its PLC as it intends to create a potential market. On the other hand, the Diffusion and innovation theory would help in identifying potential target market for the brand. Thus, within the theory diffusion refers to the identification of the approaches that influence the group of people to adopt new ideas, products or practices (Hauser and Shugan, 2008). But innovation contributes in developing the assessment of individual who do not accept ideas or product only based on prior existing information. Thus, based on the Diffusion and innovation theory the Highest Q target market that is consumer belonging from high level of soc iety would be appropriate in this regard. Type of Consumer product The types of consumers products could be referred to those products that are purchased by final consumers for their personal use. In this context four types of consumer product could be detected such as, Convenience products Shopping products Speciality product and Unsought products In this regard, the Samsung family hub refrigerator could be categorised in shopping products for the specific target market. Recommend a marketing mix Product: in this regard, the recommendation could be delivered in terms of product design. Thus, for attracting the target market the product design would be delivered in the following manner. Product Recommendation Explanation Samsung Family Hub Refrigerator The product should be presented with touch screen door locking and should be equipped with apps for smart screen locking. The design is proposed in order to incorporate security to personal use or the digital door locking system could also save children from accidents or any other misshape. Place: in order to incorporate recommendation for placing the products through which the consumers could purchase the commodity. Thus, the place could be determined as online retail stores (Peter and Olson, 2010). The place has been chosen as the target market is more likely to surf online retail stores and purchase products. This platform will help in creating an effective brand positioning as the online retail store would be promoting the features of the product in details. Promotion; in case of promotion, it could be suggested that the products should be promoted through social media marketing and advertised on the social networking sites that help in attracting more number of potential consumer to the brand (Keohane, 2014). Along with this, brand placement through movies and billboards would be effective in relation to promote the product. Price; the pricing strategy in relation to the product would be based on three things, Price skimming: in this regard the price should be set around $ 7500 and later reduced in $6500. Price penetration: in this case the initial price should be $5500, but later should increase with $7500. These strategies would help in realizing the brand positioning as it would be delivering an evident quality image of the products. LG price Samsung Family Hub price $5499 $7,499 Summary Table of your Marketing Mix Marketing mix Explanation product The product would be designed with touch screen door lock. Place Online retail stores Promotion Social media marketing Price Between $5500 and $7500 Conclusion In conclusion it could be stated that the marketing strategies are also meant for directing the organisational activities into a right direction and gain competitive advantages at the same time. The Samsung family hub has evidently created awareness among its target market and through effective marketing strategies the product would be placed to the target market for more competitive advantages and profitability at the same time. Hence, it is evident that through the recommended marketing strategies the respective product is expected to gain desired competitive advantages References Lippincott', 2006. Evidence-Based Case Management in a High-Risk PregnancyA Case Study.Lippincott's Case Management, 11(5), pp.247248. Marketing mix, 2013.Marketing mix. Johannesburg: Systems Publishers (Pty) Ltd. connected-hub, 2017.connected-hub. [online] Samsung Electronics America. Available at: https://www.samsung.com/us/explore/family-hub-refrigerator/connected-hub/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. Baines, P., 2011.The political marketing mix. Los Angeles [u.a.]: SAGE. Doyle, P., 2013.Value-based marketing. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Faisal, A., 2016. Marketing Strategies in Online/Digital Marketing.Account and Financial Management Journal. Ferrell, O., 2016.Marketing strategy. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. Fifield, P., 2012.Marketing Strategy. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Hauser, J. and Shugan, S., 2008. Defensive Marketing Strategies.Marketing Science, 27(1), pp.88-110. Keohane, K., 2014.Brand and Talent. Kogan Page. Peter, J. and Olson, J., 2010.Consumer behavior marketing strategy. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Riezebos, R. and Grinten, J., 2012.Positioning the brand. London: Routledge. Woodall, T., 2007. New marketing, improved marketing, apocryphal marketing.European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), pp.1284-1296. Wymer, W., 2011. Developing more effective social marketing strategies.Journal of Social Marketing, 1(1), pp.17-31.

Quantitative methods in finance UT Dallas free essay sample

You may not use your cell phones or other electronic communication devices n class. Required: Students must obtain four Bloomberg certificates: Equity Essentials, Fixed Income Essentials, Foreign Exchange Essentials, and Commodity Essentials. Course Policies Grading (credit) Criteria Additional Course Policies Exams Homework Assignments Class Attendance Class Work learning Students earn a grade in the class by demonstrating mastery of the class material. Grades will be based on an end-of-semester ranking of students according to the total accumulated score.Both the total score and students respective rankings will be used in assigning final grade. The precise cutoff cores used to assign grades will be an end-of-semester decision based on my perception of the difficulty of the exams and class works and other factors that consider appropriate. Grading will be based on the following weightings of assigned material. Project in-class quizzes 20% Exam 1 Exam 2 We will this aspects. Of your grade the for taking all exams on the designated There wildnesss be no make-up You are during responsible firs first first dates. We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative methods in finance UT Dallas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Note: You must have my permission to skip an exam. If you have to miss an exam first (with my permission), the weight of course grade on that exam will be shifted o the final exam. There will be two tests in this class. These exams will test your knowledge of material covered in the reading, lectures, class works, and a suggested homework. All tests are closed book; Any use of cell phones, laptops, or other wireless devices and any other methods of communication during exams are expressly prohibited. In addition, unannounced quizzes will count toward your final grade.Suggested homework will be assigned. Students registered for the class are required to attend all sessions. During the semester, you have excuses for missing the class. In the classroom, oh cannot browse any other websites except for weapon related course materials. You will be asked to leave the classroom once discovered. Always check learning before class. This site will include Powering files of the course lecture notes, homework assignments, any external web links, and relevant updates about the class including any changes to the schedule of assignments or quizzes. Student Conduct and Discipline Academic integrity The University of Texas System and The University of Texas at Dallas have rules and regulations for the orderly and efficient conduct of their business. It s the responsibility of each student and each student organization to be knowledgeable about the rules and regulations which govern student conduct and activities. General information on student conduct and discipline is contained in the CTD publication, A to Z Guide, which is provided to all registered students each academic year.The University of Texas at Dallas administers student discipline within the procedures of recognized and established due process. Procedures are defined and described in the Rules and Regulations, Board Of R egents, The university of Texas System, Part 1, Chapter VI, Section 3, and in Title V, Rules n Student Services and Activities of the university Handbook of Operating Procedures. Copies of these rules and regulations are available to students in the Office of the Dean of Students, where staff members are available to assist students in interpreting the rules and regulations (US 1. 02, 972/883-6391). A student at the university neither loses the rights nor escapes the responsibilities of citizenship. He or she is expected to obey federal, state, and local laws as well as the Regents Rules, university regulations, and administrative rules. Students are subject to discipline for violating the tankards of conduct whether such conduct takes place on or off campus, or whether civil or criminal penalties are also imposed for such conduct.The faculty expects from its students a high level of responsibility and academic honesty. Because the value of an academic degree depends upon the absolute integrity of the work done by the student for that degree, it is imperative that a student demonstrate a high standard of individual honor in his or her scholastic work. Scholastic dishonesty includes, but is not limited to, statements, acts or omissions related to applications for enrollment or the ward of a degree, and/or the submission as on?s own work or material that is not ones own.As a general rule, scholastic dishonesty involves one of the following acts: cheating, plagiarism, collusion and/or falsifying academic records. Students suspected of academic dishonesty are subject to disciplinary proceedings. Plagiarism, especially from the web, from portions of papers for other classes, and from any other source is unacceptable and will be dealt with under the universitys policy on plagiarism (see general catalog for details). This course will use the resources of turning. Mom, which searches the web for possible plagiarism and is over 90% effective.